Have you ever wondered how technologies that are developed on university campuses make it out of research labs and into the real world?
For the majority of researchers—and particularly for student researchers— the commercialization process can appear to be a slightly daunting task at best and a giant black hole at worst. To help students and faculty utilize their research for commercial purposes, many universities employ a “technology transfer office” (TTO) which acts as a liaison between an academic institution and industry. TTOs are generally experts on patents, research collaborations, licences, and other relevant legal and financial matters.
TTO’s and Israel: Together from the start
You may have assumed—understandably so—that TTOs only started to spring up in Israel over the last decade, as excitement surrounding the country’s startup scene has skyrocketed. You’d then be surprised to learn that the first Israeli TTO, Yeda, was established at the Weizmann Institute in 1959, just 11 years after the country’s founding.
During this period, revolutionary agricultural engineering research that was being conducted at Israeli academic institutions was transferred to kibbutzim and private farmers, and was eventually shared with developing countries. Since then, several technology transfer companies have been established at leading universities all over the country. Yissum at the Hebrew University, Ramot at Tel Aviv University and T3 at the Technion are just a few examples.
Assessing commercial potential
In 2010 alone, Yeda, the TTO at the Weizmann Institute, oversaw more than 2,500 presentations of Weizmann Institute projects to private sector companies.
How was it able to select these research projects from among thousands and identify them as having commercial potential?
The most important factors in technology transfer
According to a study conducted by Ofer Meseri and Shlomo Maital of the Samuel Neaman Institute for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology, the following factors are considered by Israeli TTOs to be the most significant in assessing a project’s potential for success in industry:
- existence and size of the potential market
- existence of intellectual property
- the probability that the proposed R&D project will succeed
- the degree of innovativeness of the project
- the maturity of the project.
The same survey found that the following factors were considered to be the least important: net present value of sales and profit; distribution system; production process complexity and need for subcontractors. Interestingly enough, there seemed to be a general consensus among the TTOs in regards to the criteria they used to assess a project’s commercial potential.
What makes for successful technology transfer
The study also asked the same ten TTOs to rank factors that they perceived to be critical in determining the ultimate success or failure of selected projects. Where there was a general consensus amongst the ten TTOs in regards to the selection criteria, there was a major inconsistency when it came to the question of perceived success factors.
Several of the TTOs claimed that the project’s chances of succeeding rested primarily on the technology itself while others claimed that the more important factor was the team behind the project. Why the discrepancy? While some TTOs prefer to take a “pro-license” approach, meaning that the research is patented and licensed out to existing companies, others, most notably Dimotech at the Technion, are more interested in focusing on the startup approach for which Israel is so renowned.
Getting down to the numbers
Each year, Israeli technology transfer companies generate a total of over NIS 1 Billion in royalties. About 150 new technologies are licensed from Israeli universities and research institutions each year. An average of 15 new companies that are based on academic inventions are started every year. Furthermore, Yissum of Hebrew University and Yeda of the Weizmann Institute are ranked among the top 10 tech transfer companies worldwide in terms of revenues. [source]
To what or to whom can we credit the disproportionate success of technology transfer in Israel? One important factor could be the unique technology transfer model used in Israel. The first distinguishing feature of the Israeli model is that technology transfer companies have business leaders on their boards to provide an alternate perspective to the academic one. They function as wholly owned subsidiaries with a strong business focus, as opposed to merely existing as departments of their respective universities. Following along this corporate mentality trend, Israeli technology transfer is largely focused on royalties and acts as a “one-stop-shop”, allowing technology transfer companies to leverage their relationships in industry and often even consult for startups. Given the unquestionable success of technology transfer in Israel, it will be interesting to see if technology transfer in other countries begins to emulate the model used here.
Success stories in the Startup Nation
The results of this fruitful cooperation between the worlds of academia and business, facilitated by the TTOs, are evident in the innovative Israeli startup industry. Many of these businesses were founded on ideas that originated and were developed in Israeli universities, either by faculty or by students. Here are a few examples out of the many technology transfer success stories in Israel:
Mobileye Vision Technologies, for example, provides warnings for preventing collisions on the road. The company was founded in 1999 on a technology developed by Professor Amnon Shashua of the Hebrew University and was commercialized by Yissum, the university’s technology transfer company. Mobileye, which has existed as a subsidiary of the Hebrew University since its founding, later developed a number of proprietary algorithms on which the company’s driver assistant technology is now based. In July 2013, Mobileye raised $400 million in a deal that values the company at $1.5 billion and has attracted some large U.S. investors.
Another case of a successful transition into industry is that of BioCancell Therapeutics (formerly DBT Biopharmaceuticals). BioCancell specializes in the development of proprietary targeted therapy for the treatment of a broad range of cancers. The company was founded in 2004 by Professor Avraham Hochberg of the molecular biology department at the Hebrew University. BioCancell’s leading product, BC-819, is currently in the midst of a variety of testing phases for the different types of cancers it seeks to fight, including bladder cancer, ovarian cancer and pancreatic cancer. With the help of Yissum, millions of dollars have been raised through private and public investment rounds for Professor Hochberg’s lab as well as directly for BioCancell. The company is registered in Israel and is now publicly traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE:BICL).
Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics Ltd., a subsidiary of Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics Inc., is another biotechnology company founded in Israel. Its focus is on developing stem cell therapies for neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson’s Disease. The company’s core technology was developed in collaboration with Professor Eldad Melamed, former head of Neurology of the Rabin Medical Center, as well as Professor Daniel Offen of the Felsenstein Medical Research Center of Tel Aviv. Brainstorm holds rights to commercialize the technology, through a licensing agreement with Tel Aviv University’s TTO, Ramot. In September of this year, the company announced that it had completed a new phase of testing for ALS patients. The results of the trial are expected to be released around March 2014, after six months of follow up with the patients.
TTOs: Where science means business
At the end of the day, technology transfer companies may be overlooked but are often the driving force behind growth and innovation in the Israeli economy. The role they play is certainly crucial for motivating Israeli researchers who, without the requisite knowhow, would likely never have their work see the light of day. For the rest of us, the role of Israel’s TTOs is essential in making sure that we continue to benefit from the cutting-edge developments being made at Israel’s universities.
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